Laparoscopy Surgery Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

'Going under the scissors' has always been a fear lived by practically every human. Whenever we talk about an operation, the first thing that comes to mind is - "Oh God! They are going to cut me open…." Well, not anymore! Reducing the size of incisions has been a dream of surgeons for thousands of years and with Laparoscopy, they have been able to achieve just that.

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure performed through very small incisions in the abdomen, using specialized instruments. This type of surgery is also called 'minimally invasive surgery' or 'keyhole surgery' because of the very small incisions used. Yet major procedures can now be performed using this technique. In this procedure, a pencil-thin instrument called a laparoscope is used. A laparoscope has lenses like a telescope to magnify body structures, a powerful light to illuminate them, and a miniature video camera. The camera sends a magnified image from inside the body to a video monitor, giving the surgeon a close-up view of the organs and tissues. Specialized surgical instruments can be inserted through the laparoscope, and through small incisions nearby. These instruments serve as tiny hands within the abdomen and assist the surgeon. Laparoscopy is used either to treat the problem (laparoscopic surgery) or to diagnose it (diagnostic laparoscopy). With laparoscopy, the doctor can identify diseased organs, take tissue samples for biopsy, and remove abnormal growths.

Advantages of laparoscopy surgery :

Despite small holes, there is no compromise in the field of vision. Much more of the 'insides' can be seen than is possible at an open operation. Unlike the 'mini-incision' operations, here the entire abdomen can be visualised ensuring no abnormal anatomy or pathology is missed. In the case of diagnostic laparoscopy, quick information is gained and the entire procedure can be recorded on video and further opinion can be taken from other surgeons in case of a diagnostic dilemma.

For more information on Laparoscopy Surgery Treatment India, kindly visit : http://www.aasthahealthcare.com/Laparoscopic-Surgery-Surgical-Treatment.htm

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Bariatrics Surgery Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

Obesity is a growing epidemic of global proportions. There are more than 1 billion adults overweight and at least 300 million of them clinically obese. And this is surely a major contributor to the global burden of chronic disease and disability. Obesity is not about being overweight anymore; it is considered a disease now!

For many, the routine diets and exercises are not enough. Years of dieting can result in a poor metabolism and the ability to lose only a small amount of weight without achieving or maintaining significant results. Serious health problems such as diabetes, arthritis, thyroid dysfunction, hypertension, and respiratory problems can also hinder weight loss. If you have been unsuccessful in losing weight after exhausting all weight loss methods, you may need to consider weight loss surgery or "Bariatric Surgery".

Aastha Health Care is proud to offer advanced laparoscopic surgical techniques to the patient, like gastric bypass surgery, Adjustable Gastric Band surgery, and sleeve gastrectomy. The centre is renowned for its dedication and passion towards its patients. When our patients come to Aastha Health Care for Bariatric Surgery, our role is not just limited at the operating table. Infact we go a step ahead than others, and become their advocate, guide, and support, throughout the journey.

For more information on Bariatrics Surgery Treatment, kindly visit :
http://www.aasthahealthcare.com/Bariatrics-Surgery-Surgical-Treatment.htm

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Fertility Center Clinics in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

Becoming a parent is a dream of every couple. It gives extension to ones personality and also makes the bond between a couple stronger. It is often taken for granted as something attainable by all who want to have children. But the fact is not so. Failure to conceive or infertility can become a chronic condition, wherein people experience major disruptions in their lives and their relationships. Failure of a couple to conceive after trying to do so for at least one full year is called infertility. When the couple is not able to conceive even for the first time, it is called primary infertility. In secondary infertility, one or both members of the couple have previously conceived, but are unable to conceive again after a full year of trying. Pregnancy is the result of a complex chain of events.

Infertility can result from problems that interfere with any of the above steps. There are many couples that establish their central identity as 'infertile' and they begin to define themselves by their infertility. They see themselves as failures because of their inability to conceive. This sense of themselves as failures takes on overwhelming proportions in their lives. They are unable to separate treatment failure from personal failure. They push themselves to the periphery. Infertility often leads to isolation because individuals find it difficult to socialize in the "fertile world." In the first part of the 20th century, scientists believed infertility was often psychogenic i.e. resulting from psychological stress. Later in the century, more attention was focused on infertility as a stressor in people's lives. Today, we recognize that stress can affect fertility, and we also recognize infertility is a major stressor for people.

For more information, kindly visit :
http://www.aasthahealthcare.com/Fertility-Center.htm

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Urosurgery Treatment and Endourology Treatment

Urology is a surgical specialty which deals with diseases of the male and female urinary tract and the male reproductive organs. The complexity of knowledge and rapid development of technologies used to assess and treat the conditions affecting the genito-urinary tract have prompted the development of subspecialties within urology.

Endourology involves the use of small fibre optic scopes which can be passed through the urethra to visualize internally the lining of the urinary tract from kidney to bladder. Thin, flexible instruments including lasers, graspers, miniature stone retrieval baskets, special scalpels, and cautery, can be advanced through working channels in the scopes in order to perform surgery without creating any incisions at all. The majority of endoscopic procedures can be done on an outpatient basis.

At Aastha Health Care, surgeons use state-of-the-art surgery procedures that use optic devices to view body cavities, providing a variety of diagnostic and corrective procedures that are less invasive than conventional procedures. The procedures, known as Endosurgery, also offer the benefit of reduced trauma to the patient.

For more information on Urosurgery Treatment and Endourology Treatment, kindly visit :
http://www.aasthahealthcare.com/Urosurgery-and-Endourology-Treatment.htm

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Obstetrics Treatment and Gynaecology Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

A woman starts her journey as a daughter fulfilling the expectations of her family. She then becomes a wife, and supports the needs of her family. As a mother, then she becomes an epitome of sacrifice and surrenders completely for the needs of her child. In the old age, she plays an important role in holding her family together and providing guidance to the youngsters. She plays all these roles with dignity and grace and hence womanhood is ever saluted. During this entire phase, she also submits her body to numerous pains and tortures, physical abuse and more.

No branch of medicine has changed as radically in the past three decades, as has Obstetrics and Gynaecology. This specialty has expanded its horizons and interests.

At the same time, we cannot forget that this is an intensely human, emotion-laden process which must not lose its psychological character and force in a welter of scientific methodology. So Aastha has a special cell for Obstetrics and Gynaecology to recognize the problems of these amazing women and take care of them. This special cell offers the care of the pregnant woman, her unborn child and the management of diseases specific to women.

At Aastha, we have introduced the concept of 'painless delivery'. And not only this, we have combined clinical expertise along with latest technologies to meet the unique needs of infants by providing a comprehensive array of general, tertiary and specialty care. While keeping pace with the latest advances in medical science, we have also ensured that the human elements of caring and compassion have remained the same. This is the reason why Aastha has become the choice for those who desire a family-centred maternity experience with the added assurance of a highly specialized staff and the most advanced equipment for any special needs that may arise.

For more information on Obstetrics Treatment and Gynaecology Treatment, kindly visit :
http://www.aasthahealthcare.com/Obstetrics-and-Gynaecology-Treatment.htm

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Minimally Invasive Procedure for Haemorrhoid Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

Haemorrhoids are one of the most commonly occurring ailments, affecting both men and women. One reason people do not talk about haemorrhoid problems with their doctors is because they anticipate a painful, traditional haemorrhoid surgery. But the fact is that better understanding of the disease process along with new technological improvements; have enabled more procedures to be performed as day care procedure.

Piles or Haemorrhoids can occur at any age. Many experts believe that they are caused by continuous high pressure in the veins of the body, which occurs because humans stand upright. The causes of haemorrhoids include constipation and excessive straining during bowel movements. Persistent diarrhoea and loose stool movements are also causes of haemorrhoids, and some people inherit a family tendency to develop piles. Women are more susceptible to haemorrhoids during pregnancy, as pressure from the growing uterus restricts blood flow in the pelvic area. Lifestyle factors can also contribute to haemorrhoid development.

Haemorrhoids may be internal or external. Both types of haemorrhoids can be present at the same time. Internal haemorrhoids are classified further based upon the degree to which they protrude from the anal canal. This grading system is important since the grade in part determines which type of treatment is best. But no widely used grading system exists for external haemorrhoids.

Itching and irritation probably occur because the lumpy piles stop acting as soft pads to keep the mucus in; instead, a little mucus leaks out and irritates the area around the anus. Pain and discomfort comes from swelling around the pile, and from scratching of the lining of the anal canal by faeces as they pass over the lumpy area. The scratching also causes bleeding, which is a fresh bright red colour and may be seen on faeces or toilet paper or dripping in the pan. A pile that has been pushed down (a second- or third-degree pile) may be felt as a lump at the anus. Internal haemorrhoids cannot cause cutaneous pain, but they can bleed and prolapse. Prolapse of internal haemorrhoids can cause perianal pain by causing a spasm of the sphincter complex. This spasm results in discomfort while the prolapsed haemorrhoids are exposed. The discomfort is relieved with reduction. Internal haemorrhoids can also cause acute pain when incarcerated and strangulated. Again, the pain is related to the sphincter complex spasm.

For more information on Minimally Invasive Procedure for Haemorrhoid Treatment, kindly visit :
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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ that lies beneath the liver in the right-upper abdomen. The gallbladder is connected to the liver (which produces the bile) by the hepatic duct. Its function is to store bile. When food containing fat reaches the small intestine, a hormone called cholecystokinin is produced by cells in the intestinal wall and is carried to the gall bladder via the bloodstream. The hormone causes the gall bladder to contract, forcing bile into the common bile duct. A valve, which opens only when food is present in the intestine, allows bile to flow from the common bile duct into the duodenum (upper intestine) where it functions in the process of fat digestion.

What is cholecystitis?

Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder wall and nearby abdominal lining. Cholecystitis can occur suddenly or gradually over many years. Acute cholecystitis is the sudden onset of inflammation of the gallbladder, resulting in severe, steady upper abdominal pain (biliary colic), which may occur repeatedly. Chronic cholecystitis is long-standing inflammation of the gallbladder characterized by repeated attacks of pain (gallbladder attacks) over a prolonged period.

At least 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. Gallstones are stones which are formed in the gallbladder. The Gall Bladder stores and concentrates bile. Sometimes the substances contained in bile crystallize in the gall bladder, forming stones. These small, hard concretions are more common in persons over 40, especially in women and the obese. Rarely, acute cholecystitis occurs in a person without gallstones (acalculous cholecystitis). In these cases the cause can be any major injury, operation or burn, bacterial infection in the bile duct system, tumor of the pancreas or liver.

For more information on Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Treatment, kindly visit :
http://www.aasthahealthcare.com/Laparoscopic-Cholecystectomy-Surgical-Treatment.htm

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Laparoscopic Hernioplasty Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

What is Hernia?

A hernia is an abnormal protrusion, or bulging out, of part of an organ through the tissues that normally contain it. A hernia may develop in almost any part of the body; however, the muscles of the abdominal wall are most commonly affected. In this condition, a weak spot or opening in a body wall, often due to laxity of the muscles, allows part of the organ to protrude. Hernias by themselves usually are harmless, but nearly all have a potential risk of having their blood supply cut off (becoming strangulated). If the hernia sac contents have their blood supply cut off at the hernia opening in the abdominal wall, it becomes a medical and surgical emergency. There are many different types of abdominal wall hernias.

What are the symptoms?

The signs and symptoms of a hernia can range from noticing a painless lump to the painful, tender, swollen protrusion of tissue that one is unable to push back into the abdomen-possibly a strangulated hernia. A gap in the abdominal wall is not normally a problem in itself; it is the bulge of intestine that fills the gap that can potentially cause complications. Whether you feel severe pain or none whatsoever, it is important to have a hernia treated as quickly as possible. Every move you make puts more pressure on the internal tissues, forcing them further out of the gap. This enlarges both the gap and the bulge. If left untreated, a large part of the intestine can move inside the hernia.

In the case of an incarcerated hernia, the intestine gets trapped inside the hernia and is not able to come out. This causes a bowel obstruction, which results in severe groin pain, abdominal distension and vomiting. If it remains in the hernia too long, the blood supply can be cut off and the intestine can die, leading to a dangerous, sometimes fatal, strangulated hernia. Sometimes symptoms like nausea and vomiting may accompany pain. These are actually signs of bowel obstruction. Fortunately, with early treatment, the development of incarcerated and strangulated hernias is now quite rare.

Care at home

Once the patient is back at home, it is important to keep the incision clean and dry. The physician will give specific bathing instructions. If stitches or surgical staples are used, they will be removed during a follow-up office visit. If adhesive strips are used, they should be kept dry and generally will fall off within a few days.

The incision and the abdominal muscles may ache, especially after long periods of standing. Pain relievers for soreness can be taken as recommended by the physician.

For more information on Laparoscopic Hernioplasty Treatment, kindly visit :
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Minimal Invasive Procedure For Varicose Veins Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

The word "varicose" comes from the Latin root "varix," which means "twisted." Any vein may become varicose, but the veins most commonly affected are those in your legs and feet. That's because standing and walking upright increases the pressure in the veins in your lower body.

The veins of the legs are divided into two systems - the deep veins (which run deep to the leathery layer of fascia surrounding the muscles) and the superficial veins (which run in the layer of fat just beneath the skin). The superficial veins are the ones that you can see (for example, on your foot or around the ankle) and they are the ones that can become varicose. It is essential to keep in mind these two different systems - deep and superficial - in order to understand varicose veins and their treatment. In a number of places in the leg, the superficial and deep veins are linked by perforating veins (or 'perforators'). They are called perforators because they perforate the leathery fascial layer surrounding the muscles of the legs. Normally their valves should allow blood to flow only inwards - from the superficial veins to the deep veins. If the valves stop working properly, then blood is pushed out into the superficial veins when the muscles contract: this is one reason for high pressure in the superficial veins, and can be a cause of varicose veins.

The blood in your leg veins must work against gravity to return to your heart. To help move blood back to your heart, your leg muscles squeeze the deep veins of your legs and feet. One-way flaps called valves in your veins keep blood flowing in the right direction. When your leg muscles contract, the valves inside your veins open. When your legs relax, the valves close. This prevents blood from flowing backward. However, when these valves do not function properly, the blood pools, pressure builds up, and the veins become weakened, enlarged, and twisted. This causes varicose veins to develop. Varicose veins develop when one has faulty valves in the veins and weakened vein walls. These veins are twisted, enlarged veins close to the surface of the skin. They usually develop in the legs and ankles.

Varicose veins are a common condition, affecting up to 15 percent of men and up to 25 percent of women. Treatment may involve self-help measures or procedures by your doctor to close or remove veins.

What causes it?

Some people may be more likely than others to develop varicose veins and spider veins because of inherited characteristics (genetics), the aging process, or hormone changes. Varicose veins may also result from conditions that increase pressure on the leg veins, for example being overweight or pregnant. Though, the most contributing factor is Hereditary. Women are more likely to suffer from abnormal leg veins. Hormonal factors can affect the disease. It is very common for pregnant women to develop varicose veins during the first trimester. Pregnancy causes increases in hormone levels and blood volume, which in turn cause veins to enlarge. In addition, the enlarged uterus causes increased pressure on the veins. Varicose veins due to pregnancy often improve within 3 months after delivery. However, with successive pregnancies, abnormal veins are more likely to remain. Other predisposing factors include aging, standing occupations, obesity and leg injury. Varicose veins are present in 20-25% of adult females and 10-15% of men. This common condition represents a considerable surgical workload.

What are the symptoms?

In varicose veins, symptoms are often worse at the end of the day because more pooling has occurred. Other things which increase pooling and therefore symptoms also include prolonged standing and sitting, exposure to heat (summertime, hot baths) and hormonal factors (pregnancy, around the time of the menses).

Varicose veins may be associated with a sensation of heaviness and itching and, in the presence of deep and superficial reflux, cramps and aching. However, all too often generalised aches and pains in the leg may be attributed to visible varicosed veins. Left unchecked, they tend to increase in size and often lead to progressive skin and tissue damage resulting in eczema, lipodermatosclerosis and, in advanced cases, venous ulcers. Lipodermatosclerosis is the medical term that describes damage both to the skin and to the fatty layer beneath it '

Ulcers, when they occur, most often afflict the elderly, blighting their lives with frequent visits to their local surgeries or hospital out-patient departments. Many sufferers complain of aching of the legs, skin itching, ankle swelling, restless legs, night cramps and sleep disturbance.

For more information on Minimal Invasive Procedure For Varicose Veins Treatment, kindly visit :
http://www.aasthahealthcare.com/Minimal-Invasive-Procedure-For-Varicose-Veins-SEPS-Treatment.htm

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Laparoscopic Splenectomy Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

Splenectomy means surgical removal of spleen. The spleen is a blood filled organ located in the upper left abdominal cavity. It is a storage organ for red blood cells and contains many specialized white blood cells called "macrophages" (disease fighting cells) which act to filter blood. The spleen is part of the immune system and also removes old and damaged blood particles from your system. The spleen helps the body identify and kill bacteria.

There are several reasons why a spleen might need to be removed, and the following list, though not all inclusive, includes the most common reasons.

How are these problems diagnosed?

An evaluation typically includes a complete blood count (CBC), a visual look at the blood cells placed on a glass slide called a 'smear', and often a bone marrow examination. Sometimes an ultrasound examination of your spleen, a computerized tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or nuclear scan is needed.

Complications

Complications following laparoscopic Splenectomy are infrequent, but you should consult your doctor regarding possible complications based on your specific case.

For more information on Laparoscopic Splenectomy Treatment, kindly visit : http://www.aasthahealthcare.com/Laparoscopic-Splenectomy-Treatment.htm

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Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

Adrenal glands are a part of our endocrine system. They are two small organs, located one above each kidney. They are triangular in shape and about the size of a thumb. These glands produce hormones which are involved in control of blood pressure, chemical levels in the blood, water use in the body, glucose usage, and the "fight or flight" reaction during times of stress. These adrenal-produced hormones include cortisol, aldosterone, the adrenaline hormones and a small fraction of the body's sex hormones (oestrogen and androgens).

What is Adrenalectomy?

The procedure of removal of an adrenal gland is called an Adrenalectomy. The adrenal gland may be removed on one side or both sides at the time of surgery depending on the nature of disease. An Adrenalectomy is the surgical removal and this procedure can be performed using an open incision or laparoscopic technique.

The adrenal glands are fed by numerous blood vessels, so surgeons need to be alert to extensive bleeding during surgery. In addition, the adrenal glands lie close to one of the body's major blood vessels (the vena cava), and to the spleen and the pancreas. The surgeon needs to remove the gland(s) without damaging any of these important and delicate organs.

What are the indications of Adrenalectomy?

Diseases of the adrenal gland are relatively rare. The most common reason that a patient may need to have the adrenal gland removed is because of tumour within adrenal gland. Most of these tumours are small and not cancers. They are known as benign growths that can usually be removed with surgery. Removal of the adrenal gland may also be required for certain tumours even if they aren't producing excess hormones, such as very large tumours or if there is a suspicion that the tumour could be a cancer, or sometimes referred to as malignant. Fortunately, malignant adrenal tumours are rare. An adrenal mass or tumour is sometimes found by chance when a patient gets an X-ray study to evaluate another problem. Occasionally, Adrenalectomy may be recommended when hormones produced by the adrenal glands aggravate another condition such as breast cancer.

How is it diagnosed?

If an adrenal tumour is suspected based on symptoms or has been identified by X-ray, the patients are advised to undergo blood and urine tests to determine if the tumour is over-producing hormones. CT scan, nuclear medicine scan, an MRI or selective venous sampling are commonly used to locate the suspected adrenal tumour. Surgical removal of the adrenal gland is the preferred treatment for patients with adrenal tumours that secrete excess hormones and for primary adrenal tutors that appear malignant.

Benefits and drawbacks

In the past, making a large 6 to 12 inch incision in the abdomen, flank, or back was necessary for removal of an adrenal gland tumour. Today, with the technique known as minimally invasive surgery, removal of the adrenal gland (also known as "laparoscopic Adrenalectomy") can be performed through three or four 1/4-1/2 inch incisions. Patients may leave the hospital in one or two days and return to work more quickly than patients recovering from open surgery.

Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy can de performed safely in a cost-effective manner. Given the benefits of this minimally invasive technique, the laparoscopic approach is quickly gaining popularity as the treatment of choice for Adrenalectomy. Results of surgery may vary depending on the type of procedure and the patients overall condition.

For more information on Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy Treatment, kindly visit :
http://www.aasthahealthcare.com/Laparoscopic-Adrenalectomy-Treatment.htm

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Laparoscopic Intestinal Surgery Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

What is the intestine?

The intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus. The intestine is a long, tubular organ consisting of two parts :

The large intestine is about 3.5 meters long. The large intestine is divided into 6 parts: caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. The inner surface of large intestine is covered with mucous and is convoluted. The large intestine is responsible for absorption of water and excretion of solid waste material

The small intestine is about 6 meters long. It is divided into 3 sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. This part is where the most extensive part of digestion occurs. Most food products are absorbed in the small intestine.

What is laparoscopic intestinal surgery?

The introduction of laparoscopic removal of the gall bladder (Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy) in the late 1980s revolutionized the surgical management of many abdominal operations. It offered less discomfort to the patient and faster recovery. But it was only the delay in the development of proper instruments that prevented Colon and Rectal Surgeons from performing laparoscopic intestinal surgery until 1991.

Today, laparoscopic surgery is an increasingly popular option for people with intestinal conditions, who may need sections of the bowel repaired or removed. Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure in which the surgeons operate through very tiny holes (approximately 1/2-inch wide) instead of large incisions (8- to 12-inch wide). While recovery from open surgery for intestinal disease, takes an average of six weeks, people who have undergone laparoscopic surgery tend to feel back to normal in just three weeks.

Open surgery and laparoscopic surgery

Traditionally, abdominal surgery has been performed in an open manner and what that means is the patient has a reasonably large incision, which varies in size between four and 10 inches long. It's usually in the midline of the abdomen, so it runs from the pubis at the lower midline of the abdomen up to the navel. The length depends on the extent of surgery and the extent of bowel that one has to free up or take out. When the surgery's performed laparoscopically, three or four access ports are put, which are little plastic tubes that go into the abdomen that are positioned through incisions less than half-an-inch long. Then through these access ports we put in a camera, which is less than a half-inch in diameter, which is used to see what's going on inside the abdominal cavity. Through the other access ports we put in very fine little surgical instruments, about 5 millimeters in diameter. We use those instruments to free up the bowel and then we make an incision of four to six centimeters in size (around two inches) to remove the bowel.

How are less invasive procedures performed?

Laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive approach to common surgical problems in the abdomen. Many surgical problems that traditionally were performed through large incisions are now accomplished through small keyhole incisions that result in much less surgical trauma and postoperative pain. Aastha Healthcare has its expertise in Laparoscopic procedures. Our surgeons have the experience in performing many basic and advanced procedures with the Laparoscopic approach.

For more information on Laparoscopic Intestinal Surgery Treatment, kindly visit :
http://www.aasthahealthcare.com/Laparoscopic-Intestinal-Surgery-Surgical-Treatment.htm

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Emergency Laparoscopy Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

Laparoscopy was initially used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. But with the advancement of medical sciences, the role of laparoscopy was extended for emergency settings also. Emergency Laparoscopic treatment of acute abdomen was first proposed by Philippe Mouret in 1990 and since then it is being widely used for abdominal emergencies, especially- acute cholecystitis, appendicitis, perforated ulcers, Ectopic pregnancies,abdominal bleeding etc. Peptic ulcer perforation is the second most frequent abdominal perforation requiring surgery and accounts for 5% of abdominal emergencies.

Dr. Manish Motwani, an eminent laparoscopic surgeon and founder of Aastha healthcare, comments," When patients come to the emergency room, we prefer laparoscopy as it helps us to conduct an immediate diagnosis and can initiate treatment right there." Aastha is well equipped to handle any kind of emergencies. It is well equipped with all modern facilities and is supported by qualified and experienced surgeons. Laparoscopic surgery has improved our management of surgical emergencies and in certain conditions is now an essential part of our armamentarium. What is clear is that as surgical expertise and technology both continue to improve, so the remit for laparoscopic surgery will expand, to the benefit of our patients.

When emergency laparoscopy is performed, there can be two clinical scenarios :

In some emergency cases, diagnosis is done and a specific line of action is planned. Laparoscopic procedures are then performed.

In few cases, the abdominal pathology is uncertain or doubtful. In these cases, the primary aim of laparoscopy is diagnostic and then corrective.

How it is done?

The emergency laparoscopy is done in the same way as elective laparoscopy. The only thing is that the surgeon must be well qualified. Emergency Laparoscopy is generally performed under general anesthesia. Once the patient is under anesthesia, a urinary catheter is inserted to collect urine during the procedure. To begin the procedure, a small incision is made just below the navel and a cannula or trocar is inserted into the incision to accommodate the insertion of the laparoscope. Other incisions (one or two) may be made in other areas of the abdomen to allow for insertion of other laparoscopic instrumentation. A laparoscopic insufflation device is used to inflate the abdomen with carbon dioxide gas to create a space in which the laparoscopic surgeon can maneuver the instruments. Laparoscopes, which have integral cameras for transmitting images during the procedure, are available in various sizes depending upon the type of procedure being performed. The images from the laparoscope are transmitted to a viewing monitor, which the surgeon uses to visualize the internal anatomy and guide any surgical procedure. After laparoscopic treatment is completed, the laparoscope, cannula, and other instrumentation are removed, and the incision is sutured and bandaged.

Generally the patient recovers faster than he would in an open surgery. But Ofcourse it all depends upon on the diagnosis of the patient at the time of operation and what the surgeon did to treat the disease. In most of the cases, the patients are encouraged to move about after few hrs of surgery. They can resume their normal activities after 7-12 days after surgery, depending upon the condition.

For more information on Emergency Laparoscopy Treatment, kindly visit :
http://www.aasthahealthcare.com/Emergency-laparoscopy-Surgical-Treatment.htm

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Obesity - A Global Epidemic | Obesity Problems India | Overweight Issues India at Aastha Heathcare

Though we all use the terms "fat" and "obese" casually in conversation, there is a medical definition of the condition and yes, obesity is considered a health "condition." It is a term used to describe body weight that is much greater than what is considered healthy. Measuring the exact amount of a person's body fat is not easy. The most accurate measures are to weigh a person underwater or in a chamber that uses air displacement to measure body volume, or to use an X-ray test called Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, also known as DEXA. These methods are not practical for the average person, and are done only in research centers with special equipment.

There are also other ways to determine if a person is obese, but experts believe that a person's body mass index (BMI) is the most accurate measurement of body fat for children and adults. Adults with a BMI greater than 30 are considered obese. You will be surprised to know that nearly one-thirds of the world's population is overweight. Rates of obesity are climbing. The percentage of children who are overweight has doubled in the last 20 years. The percentage of adolescents who are obese has tripled in the last 20 years. Morbid obesity is typically defined as being 100 pounds or more over ideal body weight or having a BMI of 40 or higher. Obesity becomes "morbid" when it significantly increases the risk of one or more obesity-related health conditions or serious diseases (also known as co-morbidities). According to the NIH Consensus Report, morbid obesity is a serious chronic disease, meaning that its symptoms build slowly over an extended period of time. Today 97 million Americans, more than one-third of the adult population, are overweight or obese. An estimated 5-10 million of those are considered morbidly obese.

Overweight and obesity

Overweight and obesity are both labels for ranges of weight that are greater than what is generally considered healthy for a given height. For adults, overweight and obesity ranges are determined by using weight and height to calculate a number called the "body mass index" (BMI). BMI is used because, for most people, it correlates with their amount of body fat.

Effects of obesity

Severe obesity damages the body mechanically, metabolically, physiologically and has adverse effects on normal bodily function. This affects nearly every organ in the body in some way, and produce serious secondary illnesses, which may also be life-threatening. The cumulative effect of these co-morbidities can interfere with a normal and productive life, cause endless frustration and can seriously shorten life, as well.

For more information, kindly visit :
http://www.aasthahealthcare.com/Obesity-Global-Epidemic.htm

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Bariatric Surgery Benefits | Bariatric Surgery Information-Weight Loss Surgery at Aastha Healthcare

As we have already seen in the previous sections, the health consequences of severe obesity. It is evident that almost every part of our body gets affected. In fact we can say that it affects all the three planes of human existence, i.e. physical, mental and spiritual.

The remarkable and wonderful fact is that most of these problems can be greatly improved, while some can be entirely resolved, with successful weight loss. Many have struggled with weight loss for years trying various diets, medications and professional weight loss services without long-term success. People have been adopting various dieting methods all over the world to loose weight. While some starve themselves to death while others go overboard with exercises to loose weight. And above all, those who do loose weight find the result very short lasting. Eventually they become even more disappointed and rejected. For these people, weight management is much more than carrying a few extra pounds. It can be a matter of life and death.

This weight loss surgery (Bariatric Surgery) has given many individuals a new lease on life. This surgery enables a person to loose weight in short time. The amount of weight one will lose will depend on the type of surgical procedure he has undergone and how committed they are to the required lifestyle changes, including exercise and eating habits. Results vary, but the average patient can expect to lose 50-90% of their excess weight 12-18 months after surgery. Even if the ideal weight is not reached, co-morbid medical problems are improved in most cases. Many patients find they no longer need medications for diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnoea, arthritis and back pain. Most patients report an increase in self-esteem and self-confidence and an improvement in their overall quality of life.

So Bariatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity. It is a highly specialized field of surgery, which requires exceptional surgical skills. Just like, a pilot cannot fly every aircraft. He has to be trained to fly different machines. Similarly not every laparoscopic surgeon can perform this gastric bypass surgery. So it is very important to consult a skilled surgeon. Bariatric surgery is a term derived from the Greek words: ''weight'' and ''treatment.''

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Bariatric Surgery Treatment Procedures in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

There are several different types of Bariatric weight loss surgical procedures, but they are known collectively as 'Bariatric surgery'. To understand this, the procedures can be grouped in three main categories below). The three types are:

Malabsorptive procedures: This surgery does focus at reducing the stomach size but they mainly aim on creating malabsorption. i.e. Biliopancreatic Diversion (Scopinaro procedure - rare)

Restrictive procedures: This kind of surgery primarily reduces the stomach size. There are three ways of doing this:

Vertical Banded Gastroplasty (Mason procedure, stomach stapling)

Adjustable gastric band (or "Lap Band")

Sleeve gastrectomy

Hybrid procedures: In this type, both the techniques of restriction and malabsorption are applied simultaneously. i.e. Gastric bypass surgery, like Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
In this section, we will discuss all the procedures but only a surgeon can decide which one is suited the best for patient. Infact he is the only person who can tell whether the case could be handled laparoscopically or should be carried out as open surgery. This section is dedicated to providing you with the information to help you get familiar with Bariatric surgery

Malabsorptive procedures

This surgery focuses to reduce the stomach size but they mainly aim on creating malabsorption. So if the stomach pouch is smaller in size and if there is signifcant malabsorption, this will lead to impairment of nutrition absorption and assimilation. In other words Malabsorptive procedures alter digestion, thus causing the food to be poorly digested and incompletely absorbed so that it is eliminated in the stool.

Biliopancreatic Diversion: (BPD)

The original version of this procedure (without the duodenal switch) was developed by Dr. Scopinaro in Italy. This operation creates an impairment of nutrient absorption (called "malabsorption") as the primary factor in weight loss. This is done by removing about 2/3 of the stomach, and arranging the small intestine so that the section where food mixes with digestive juices is fairly short. This surgery is rare now because of problems with malnourishment. These operations may be more effective in achieving excellent weight loss in the extremely obese, but bring with them a higher rate of true malnutrition (malnutrition is very rare for those who undergo standard gastric bypass).

HYBRID PROCEDURES

There are several different types of Bariatric weight loss surgical procedures, but Hybrid procedures are most commonly performed. In this type, both the techniques of restriction and malabsorption are applied simultaneously. I.e. Gastric bypass surgery, like Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Now let us see this procedure in details.

The third step in the procedure involves the reconnection of the bowel (the first 50-100 cm of the jejunum and the duodenum containing the juices from the stomach, pancreas, and liver and called the biliopancreatic limb) to the segment of small bowel that was connected to the gastric pouch (the Roux limb). It is the distance between the gastric pouch and the place where the biliopancreatic limb is connected that determines the length of the bypass and the degree of malabsorption created by the operation. This distance is selected based on the patients BMI. The average length of the small bowel before surgery is thought to be approximately 18 ft. with the jejunum accounting for the first 2/5 of the small bowel. The length of the Roux limb that is created ranges from 75 cm to 180 cm (3-6 ft). The average time it takes to complete the Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass is approximately 2 hours. If the patient has gallstones, the surgeon may choose to remove the gallbladder as a preventative measure since there is a high incidence of gallstone formation upon weight loss.

This surgery reduces the amount of food eaten as well as decreases absorption of the food and calories consumed. So one will feel full more quickly than when their stomach was its original size, which reduces the amount of food the person will eat and thus the calories consumed. Bypassing part of the intestine also results in fewer calories being absorbed. This leads to weight loss. There is very little interference with normal absorption of food since the operation works by reducing food intake, and reducing the feeling of hunger. The result is a very early sense of fullness, followed by a very profound sense of satisfaction. Even though the portion size may be small, there is no hunger, and no feeling of having been deprived: when truly satisfied, you feel indifferent to even the choicest of foods. Patients continue to enjoy eating - but they enjoy eating a lot less. Ingestion of concentrated sugar is also essentially prohibited because doing so results in "dumping." Dumping is a group of unpleasant symptoms that resembles food poisoning (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, flushing, and palpitations) that occurs when simple sugars enter the small intestine without first being properly digested by the stomach. Many people also report diminished appetite after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, as well as a change in the taste of food. These are additional ways the gastric bypass causes weight loss. Following RNY surgery, patients are at risk for developing anemia because of poor absorption of iron and vitamin B12. Therefore, dietary supplementation of these nutrients is required. Poor absorption of calcium may also occur. Thus, calcium supplements must also be taken postoperatively.

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Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

The urinary tract, or system, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. They remove extra water and wastes from the blood, converting it to urine. They also keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood. The kidneys produce hormones that help build strong bones and help form red blood cells. Narrow tubes called ureter carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, an oval-shaped chamber in the lower abdomen. Like a balloon, the bladder's elastic walls stretch and expand to store urine. They flatten together when urine is emptied through the urethra to outside the body.

One in every 20 people develops a kidney stone at some point in their life. A kidney stone is a hard mineral and crystalline material formed within the kidney or urinary tract.

What is Renal Calculi (kidney stone)?

Kidney stones are one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract. In the year 2000, patients made 2.7 million visits to health care providers and more than 600,000 patients went to emergency rooms for kidney stone problems. Men tend to be affected more frequently than women. The function of the kidneys (Renal) is to remove waste products and unwanted water from the blood, in the form of urine. If there is too much of certain waste products in the urine, these substances form crystals. Crystals can then combine to form stones.

A kidney stone is a hard mass developed from crystals that separate from the urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney. Normally, urine contains chemicals that prevent or inhibit the crystals from forming. These inhibitors do not seem to work for everyone, however, so some people form stones. If the crystals remain tiny enough, they will travel through the urinary tract and pass out of the body in the urine without being noticed. However, when they pass down the ureter on their way to the bladder, pain usually occurs with anything but the smallest stone. If a stone gets stuck on its way down the ureter, pain usually occurs in the form of renal colic. The pain comes and goes in waves. Blood may be passed as well, due to the irritation of the lining of the ureter by the sharp-edged stone.

Urolithiasis is the medical term used to describe stones occurring in the urinary tract. Other frequently used terms are urinary tract stone disease and nephrolithiasis. Doctors also use terms that describe the location of the stone in the urinary tract. For example, a ureteral stone (or ureterolithiasis) is a kidney stone found in the ureter. To keep things simple, however, the term "kidney stones" is used throughout this fact sheet.

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Prostate Cancer Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

The prostate is a glandular organ, about size of a walnut, present in males. The prostate is normally about 3 cm long and it lies at the neck of the bladder and in front of the rectum. The prostate gland produces fluid that makes up part of the semen.

Prostate cancer is found mainly in older men. As men age, the prostate may get bigger and block the urethra or bladder. This may cause difficulty in urination or can interfere with sexual function. The condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and although it is not cancer, surgery may be needed to correct it. The symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia or of other problems in the prostate may be similar to symptoms of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is often a very slow-growing disease. It can take 10 years or more for a small tumor to spread beyond the gland and pose a serious threat to health.

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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

The prostate is a glandular organ, about size of a walnut, present in males. The prostate is normally about 3 cm long and it lies at the neck of the bladder and in front of the rectum. The prostate gland produces fluid that makes up part of the semen.

You will be surprised to know that Urinary obstruction from prostatic hypertrophy has been described for many centuries, starting with the ancient Egyptians in the 15th century BC. The word "prostate" comes from the Greek prostat, which means "one who stands before or in front of", which, in this case, means in front of the bladder.

What is Benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH?

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition that affects the prostate gland of the male reproductive system. The prostate gland enlarges in size though this may not cause problems until late in life. It is estimated that about 90% of men in the age group of 70-85 years have BPH. It is one of the most common problems experienced by men during the old age.

As the name suggests, there is hyperplasia or overgrowth of the prostatic tissue. This leads to enlargement of the prostate gland. Now since prostate surrounds the urethra. So any enlargement will definitely cause constriction of the urethra. So in BPH, the flow of urine is also reduced, making it increasingly difficult to empty the bladder. Similar symptoms may also be present when a person has prostate cancer. So it is very important for the physician to carefully rule out the possibility of the latter. To know more about prostate cancer,click here.

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Bladder Cancer Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

A bladder is a muscular hollow organ that stores urine. It is located in the pelvic region. Urine from both the kidneys passes through ureter and reaches the bladder. When the bladder gets filled up to a certain level, the nerves send signal to the brain and we may feel the urge to urinate.

What is Bladder cancer?

Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. Cancer merely indicates towards a condition in which the cells start multiplying in an abnormal way. These extra cells can form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. Tumors can be benign or malignant: Bladder cancer refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the urinary bladder. The process of invading and spreading to other organs is called metastasis. Bladder cancers are most likely to spread to neighboring organs and lymph nodes prior to spreading through the blood stream to the lungs, liver, bones, or other organs. Bladder cancer affects 3 times as many men as women.

Types of bladder cancers :

Urolithiasis is the medical term used to describe stones occurring in the urinary tract. Other frequently used terms are urinary tract stone disease and nephrolithiasis. Doctors also use terms that describe the location of the stone in the urinary tract. For example, a ureteral stone (or ureterolithiasis) is a kidney stone found in the ureter. To keep things simple, however, the term "kidney stones" is used throughout this fact sheet.

Types of stones include :

The wall of the bladder is lined with cells called transitional cells and squamous cells. More than 90 percent of bladder cancers begin in the transitional cells. This type of bladder cancer is called transitional cell carcinoma. About 8 percent of bladder cancer patients have squamous cell carcinomas. All squamous cell carcinomas are invasive. This means that they gradually spread to deeper layers of the bladder wall if they are not treated. By the time these cancers are detected, they have usually already invaded the bladder wall. Many transitional cell carcinomas are not invasive. This means that they go no deeper than the transitional, or urothelial, layer.

Bladder cancers are classified or staged based on their aggressiveness and the degree that they are different from the surrounding bladder tissue. There are several different ways to stage tumors. Recently, the TNM staging system has become common. This staging system contains several sub stages, but it basically categorizes tumors using the following scale:

Stage 0 - This is a Non-invasive tumor limited to the bladder lining. Cancer that is only in cells in the lining of the bladder is called superficial bladder cancer. The doctor might call it carcinoma in situ. This type of bladder cancer often comes back after treatment. If this happens, the disease most often recurs as another superficial cancer in the bladder.

Stage I -- Tumor extends through the lining, but does not extend into the muscle layer. Cancer that begins as a superficial tumor may grow through the lining and into the muscular wall of the bladder. This is known as invasive cancer. Invasive cancer may extend through the bladder wall. It may grow into a nearby organ such as the uterus or vagina (in women) or the prostate gland (in men). It also may invade the wall of the abdomen.

Stage II - In this, the tumor invades the muscle layer of the bladder.

Stage III -- Tumor extends past the muscle layer into tissue surrounding the bladder.

Stage IV - In this, cancer has spread to regional lymph nodes or to distant sites (metastatic disease). When bladder cancer spreads outside the bladder, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. If the cancer has reached these nodes, cancer cells may have spread to other lymph nodes or other organs, such as the lungs, liver, or bones.

When cancer spreads (metastasizes) from its original place to another part of the body, the new tumor has the same kind of abnormal cells and the same name as the primary tumor. For example, if bladder cancer spreads to the lungs, the cancer cells in the lungs are actually bladder cancer cells. The disease is metastatic bladder cancer, not lung cancer. It is treated as bladder cancer, not as lung cancer.

What are the causes?

There is no particular cause that has been found out. But Studies have found the following risk factors for bladder cancer:

Age- The chance of getting bladder cancer goes up as people get older. People under 40 rarely get this disease.
Tobacco- The use of tobacco is a major risk factor. Cigarette smokers are two to three times more likely than nonsmokers to get bladder cancer. Pipe and cigar smokers are also at increased risk.
Occupation- Some workers have a higher risk of getting bladder cancer because of carcinogens in the workplace. Workers in the rubber, chemical, and leather industries are at risk. So are hairdressers, machinists, metal workers, printers, painters, textile workers, and truck drivers.
Infections-Being infected with certain parasites increases the risk of bladder cancer. These parasites are common in tropical areas.
Medications- cyclophosphamide or arsenic are used to treat cancer and some other conditions. They raise the risk of bladder cancer.

Approximately 20% of bladder cancers occur in patients without predisposing risk factors. Bladder cancer is not currently believed to be heritable (i.e., does not "run in families" as a consequence of a specific genetic abnormality).

What are the Symptoms?

The symptoms described below are not sure signs of bladder cancer. Infections, benign tumours, bladder stones, or other problems also can cause these symptoms. So incase of these symptoms, one must consult an urologist or correct diagnosis. Moreover most of the symptoms listed below can be associated with bladder cancer, but they can also be associated with non-cancerous conditions. Nevertheless, medical evaluation is critical.

Blood in the urine

increased Urinary frequency or Urinary incontinence

Painful urination

Urinary urgency

Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease are Bone pain or tenderness, abdominal pain, Anaemia, Weight loss, Lethargy (tiredness).

Disadvantages of the surgery

Bladder cancer surgery may affect a person's sexual function. Because the surgeon removes the uterus and ovaries in a radical cystectomy, women are not able to get pregnant. Also, menopause occurs at once. If the surgeon removes part of the vagina during a radical cystectomy, sexual intercourse may be difficult. In the past, nearly all men were impotent after radical cystectomy, but improvements in surgery have made it possible for some men to avoid this problem. Men who have had their prostate gland and seminal vesicles removed no longer produce semen, so they have dry orgasms. Men who wish to father children may consider sperm banking before surgery or sperm retrieval later on.

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Laparoscopic Hyesterctomy Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

Uterus is a hollow, muscular, pear shaped organ often referred to as Womb since Biblical times. It has two tubes called fallopian tubes connected to it at one end and to the ovary at the other. When an egg cell is released from an Ovary it travels to the uterus via these fallopian tubes. It is a very remarkable organ capable of expanding to contain a full-grown baby and of shedding its lining up to 500 times during the life that is during the time of monthly period. The resultant stresses and strains on its supporting structures during pregnancies and the repeated shedding and re-growth of its lining may lead to problems.

What is hysterectomy?

Hysterectomy merely means surgical removal of uterus. It is the second most common major operation performed today. Hysterectomy involves removal of the uterus, and sometimes the ovaries too (oophorectomy). Often one or both ovaries and fallopian tubes are removed at the same time a hysterectomy is done.

Sub-total or partial hysterectomy
It involves the removal of Fallopian tubes and the upper two-thirds of the uterus only, preserving the cervix.

Hysterectomy with ovarian conservation
It involves the removal of the Fallopian tubes, uterus and the cervix, while preserving the ovaries.

Hysterectomy with oophorectomy
It involves the removal of the Fallopian tubes, uterus and cervix, together with one or both sets of ovaries.

Radical or Wertheim's hysterectomy
It involves the removal of the Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, ovaries as well as nearby lymph nodes and the upper portion of the vagina. This type of hysterectomy is used in the treatment of some gynaecological cancer cases.

Before having a hysterectomy, it is very important to discuss the implications you're your gynaecologist and partner. Your doctor may recommend a hysterectomy if none of the treatments for the various conditions have worked. Ofcourse in some cases, there is no other choice than hysterectomy.

Why should one go for hysterectomy?

Hysterectomy is used to treat :

Fibroids- This is the most common reason for which hysterectomies are done. For many women with fibroids, symptoms are minimal and require no treatment. Also, the fibroids often shrink after menopause. But in some cases, fibroids can cause heavy bleeding or pain in some women.

Endometriosis- This happens when the tissue lining the inside of your uterus grows outside the uterus on your ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other pelvic or abdominal organs. The surrounding tissue may become scarred, and often other organs such as the uterus, bladder or the rectum may become stuck down in these scars (adhesions). When medication and surgery do not cure endometriosis, a hysterectomy often is performed.

Uterine prolapse- This is when the uterus moves from its usual place down into the vagina. This can lead to urinary problems, pelvic pressure, or difficulty with bowel movements.

Cancer- Cancer of the uterus, cervix, or ovary, is another cause for hysterectomy.

Persistent vaginal bleeding- If menstrual flow is heavy, not regular, or last for many days and non-surgical methods have not helped to control bleeding, a hysterectomy may bring relief. But ofcourse the physician screens the candidate if she is suitable for the surgery.

Chronic pelvic pain- Surgery is a last resort for women who have chronic pelvic pain that clearly comes from the uterus.

Often a doctor will have a fairly good idea of the type of the problem after examining and listening to the patient's symptoms. The doctor will make detailed notes of medical history and the patient's concerns. The physician will then inform the patient about different types of hysterectomy procedures. It is important that women understand the full implications of the removal or certain reproductive organs so that they can be properly prepared for any resultant side effects.

Before the surgery

The doctor will once again examine the patient thoroughly. The blood will probably be tested for hormone levels and also a pelvic ultrasound scan may be recommended. If the scan shows any abnormalities or is unclear, the doctor may want to investigate further using hysteroscopy, a procedure in which a viewing device is inserted into the uterus. A sample of the lining of the womb (endometrium) may be taken. Endometrial sampling is done either as an outpatient procedure, or by D&C-dilatation and curettage, usually when under a general anaesthesia. In a D&C, the cervix is opened (dilatation) and the lining of uterus (the endometrium) will be systematically scraped (curettage) with a long, thin instrument. The strips of the lining will then be examined under a microscope.

Preparation for both vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy is similar. She will be given a suppository to empty the bowels the night before. She will be told not to eat or drink anything on the day of the surgery about 6 to 8 hours before the surgery. Anaesthesia is given. It can be general, epidural or spinal anaesthesia. A catheter (a narrow silicon tube) is inserted into the bladder to empty it. The operation area is cleaned thoroughly with antiseptic before the operation.

The surgery

The actual hysterectomy operation can be performed in several different ways. The method chosen will depend on the surgeon's skills, expertise and preference, the reason for the hysterectomy and the woman's characteristics (e.g. weight, previous pelvic surgery, if she has had children). There are presently following ways to perform a hysterectomy :

Abdominal hysterectomy

Vaginal hysterectomy

Laparoscopic method

After the surgery

The average hospital stay depends on the type of hysterectomy performed, but is usually from 2 to 3 days. Complete recovery may require 2 weeks to 2 months. Recovery from a vaginal or laparoscopic hysterectomy is faster than from an abdominal hysterectomy, and may include less pain. Removal of the ovaries along with the uterus in premenopausal women causes immediate menopause, and oestrogen replacement therapy may be recommended. Some patients report that the incisions feel a little sore and the residual gas in the belly hurts a bit. This gas often collects under the right diaphragm and causes the sensation of right shoulder pain.

Intravenous and oral medications are used after the surgery to relieve postoperative pain. A catheter may remain in place for 1 to 2 days to help the bladder pass urine. Moving about as soon as possible helps to avoid blood clots in the legs and other problems. Normal diet is encouraged as soon as possible after bowel function returns. The physician may advice to take some precautions like avoiding lifting heavy things etc. th epatient may also be recommended to take Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) which means replacing the missing female hormone oestrogen with tablets.

Benefits and drawbacks of laparoscopic hysterectomy

One advantage of laparoscopic hysterectomy is that the incisions are smaller (1/2 inch) and much less uncomfortable than that of abdominal hysterectomy. So people are able to resume normal activity in about 2 weeks. So Laparoscopic hysterectomy has many advantages like :

Less postoperative pain

May shorten hospital stay

May result in a quicker return to bowel function

Quicker return to normal activity

Better cosmetic results

However, the surgeon must be experienced in the procedure before these benefits can be seen or else complications may occur. Disadvantages include a possible longer operating time (depends on how much of the operation is performed laparoscopically), higher costs and an increased risk of damage to the urinary tract.

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Laparoscopic Tubal Ligation Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

Contraceptives are also called birth control methods which are used to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelihood of a woman becoming pregnant. They are devices or methods or procedures which reduces the likelihood of the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm. Nowadays, there is a vast number of different contraceptive methods. There are many different contraceptive methods available and different methods suit people at different times of their lives. It is very important for the woman and her partner to decide on the method of contraception most suited to them. There are barrier methods like condoms, cervical diaphragm. Then there are hormonal methods like pills which are very commonly used. Besides, devices like IUCD are placed in the uterus. But all these are temporary methods. That means they are reversible.

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Laparoscopic Ovarian Cystectomy Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

A female has two walnut-sized ovaries. These are located on either side of the uterus, nestled under the fringed ends of the fallopian tubes. These tubes create a pathway for a released egg to reach the center of the uterus. During the menstrual cycle, one ovary will develop and mature an egg. The egg is encased in a sac called a follicle. About day 14 of the menstrual cycle, ovulation occurs and the egg is released from the ovary.

Ovarian cysts are small fluid-filled sacs that develop on a woman's ovaries. In an ultrasound image, ovarian cysts resemble bubbles. The cyst contains only fluid and is surrounded by a very thin wall. This kind of cyst is also called a functional cyst, or simple cyst. If a follicle fails to rupture and release the egg, the fluid remains and can form a cyst in the ovary.

Ovarian cysts are common among women of childbearing age. They are considered functional (or physiologic). Most often, cysts in women of this age group are not cancerous and many disappear on their own in a matter of weeks without treatment. But some may cause problems such as bleeding and pain and need medical intervention. Women who are past menopause (ages 50-70) with ovarian cysts have a higher risk of ovarian cancer. At any age, if you think you have a cyst, it's important to tell your doctor.

What are the causes?

Ovarian cysts form for numerous reasons. The most common type is a follicular cyst, which results from the growth of a follicle. A follicle is the normal fluid-filled sac that contains an egg. Follicular cysts form when the follicle grows larger than normal during the menstrual cycle and does not open to release the egg. Usually, follicular cysts resolve on their own over the course of days to months. Cysts can contain blood (hemorrhagic or endometrioid cysts) from injury or leakage of tiny blood vessels into the egg sac. Occasionally, the tissues of the ovary develop abnormally to form other body tissues such as hair or teeth. Cysts with these abnormal tissues are called dermoid cysts.

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Laparoscopic Ectopic Pregnancy Evacuation Treatment in India at Aastha Healthcare Hospital

Once the egg gets fertilized, it travels down the fallopian tube to uterus. But when the tubes are damaged or blocked and fail to propel the egg toward the womb, the egg may become implanted in the tube and continue to develop there. Because almost all Ectopic pregnancies occur in one of the fallopian tubes, they are often called "tubal" pregnancies. Much less often, an egg implants in an ovary, in the cervix, directly in the abdomen, or even in a c-section scar. In rare cases, a woman has a normal pregnancy in her uterus and an Ectopic pregnancy at the same time. This is called a heterotopic pregnancy and it's more likely to happen if one has had fertility treatments, such as in-vitro fertilization.

There's no way to transplant an Ectopic (literally, "out of place") pregnancy into the uterus, so ending the pregnancy is the only option. In fact, if an Ectopic pregnancy is not recognized and treated, the embryo will grow until the fallopian tube ruptures, resulting in severe abdominal pain and bleeding. It can cause permanent damage to the tube or loss of the tube, and if it involves very heavy internal bleeding that's not treated promptly, it can even lead to death. Fortunately, the vast majority of Ectopic pregnancies are caught in time.

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